For better or worse, every adult lived through their childhood. More often than not, the quality of one's childhood impacts one's adult life in terms of relationships, mental health, and how one sees the world. Each parent is responsible for doing right by their children by providing them with opportunities and otherwise setting them up for success. While good parenting, stable environments, and positive exposure can help a child to be happy and successful later in life, bad parenting, dangerous environments, and negative exposure can cause serious problems in adulthood.

There are many ways to inflict childhood trauma, but it's generally caused by physical/sexual abuse, neglect, or other forms of mistreatment. Trauma can be inflicted by parents, siblings, or individuals in positions of power and authority, and it can leave physiological, psychological, and emotional scars long after the abuse has subsided.

Depending on the longevity and the extent of the trauma, some people can overcome it, living successful and fulfilling lives. This article will cover common effects of childhood trauma, as well as coping tool to move forward to a healthy, adult life.

According to Psychology Today, one of the most devastating impacts of childhood trauma is the effect it has on self-image. Adults who experienced significant trauma as children are more likely to develop a pattern of victimhood thinking. As the name suggests, this state of mind is the belief that one is a victim. Adopting this ideology is incredibly dangerous, as the way people perceive themselves impacts their words, choices, careers, opportunities, and relationships. Individuals who genuinely think the world is out to get them will inevitably attract situations and people who reinforce these beliefs, regardless of how incorrect they may be.

Victimhood thinking is not the only way childhood trauma changes adult behavior. People who were mistreated as children may also become passive and subservient. This usually manifests as the inability to self-express or self-defend and the tendency to bottle up emotions. While some people view passivity as being agreeable or being a team player, burying feelings beneath the surface and not speaking up can have devastating impacts. Moreover, subservience often attracts parasitic individuals who exploit and take advantage of others.

While passivity and subservience are dangerous for everyone, these traits are particularly hazardous for women. If they adopt the behaviors above, women who struggle with unresolved childhood trauma are likely to attract abusive partners or spouses. Abusive relationships, domestic violence, and toxic significant others are nothing to joke about. People have died because they couldn't avoid or escape these dangers.

Like self-image, adult relationships are frequently another casualty of childhood trauma. Psychology Today affirms that people who experienced considerable trauma during childhood tend to attract toxic relationships or even avoid relationships altogether.

This is why people with high self-esteem, confidence, and positive self-image tend to attract beneficial relationships and opportunities. Likewise, someone who lacks these traits generally attracts negative and parasitic people as well as the circumstances that follow.

Left unchecked and unresolved, childhood trauma impacts both personal beliefs and personal relationships. Someone who was abused, neglected, or mistreated as a child may genuinely view themselves as undeserving of loving, supportive, and healthy relationships. Moreover, they may view themselves as unworthy of accomplishments, thus leading to a lack of drive and ambition. In other words, childhood trauma survivors can feel alone, unlovable, and directionless in adulthood.

According to reports from Psychological Science, adults who were exposed to childhood trauma are considerably more vulnerable to depression. Unfortunately, depression is not always taken seriously, but it's a very real mental health issue with a litany of troubling symptoms. Contrary to certain misconceptions, individuals who suffer from depression cannot simply "get over it" or "snap out of it." Ordering a depressed person to do these things can cause more harm than good.

The Mayo Clinic provides insight into the effects of clinical depression. This adverse state of mind affects the way that afflicted individuals view themselves, others, and the world around them. Depression also has the power to engender emotional and even physical problems.

Here are some of the most common symptoms and indicators of depression:

• Insomnia
• Drained energy
• Hopelessness
• Ongoing sadness
• Anxiety
• Lack of appetite
• Poor concentration
• Suicidal thoughts/actions

In most cases, individuals with the abovementioned symptoms tend to isolate themselves while neglecting self-care, slacking off work, and alienating others. Attempts to connect with a depressed person may fail, which can be frustrating and hurtful to friends and relatives who genuinely want the best for the individual in question.

Reading about the effects of childhood trauma can be quite unnerving. However, people who have experienced difficulties as children should not become discouraged or lose hope. No matter what happened in the past, the sun always rises again. There is always room for self-improvement, growth, and recovery. Individuals who went through tough times as children can have positive self-images and healthy relationships while living happy, successful lives.

Although self-care may seem somewhat trivial when you're overcoming childhood trauma, it matters more than you might think. Jordan Grey Consulting explains that individuals who survived traumatic childhoods may subconsciously view themselves as unworthy of healthy habits and lifestyle choices. Therefore, they are more likely to neglect their body, eating habits, etc. This creates a vicious cycle of low self-esteem and eventual self-loathing.

Thankfully, the cycle can be broken with healthy habits, such as exercise, a good night's sleep, and healthy eating. Another important form of self-care involves considering the quality of one's friends, romantic partners, and other relationships. The people around us impact our perceptions, choices, and worldviews. This is why ending unhealthy relationships and cutting off toxic individuals is paramount, especially for people who are working to heal wounds from childhood trauma.

One of the most effective ways to overcome negative memories is by creating positive ones. Pursuing hobbies and extracurricular interests not only allows adults to evolve as individuals, but they also help adults to find a sense of purpose and something to look forward to. It's important for survivors of childhood trauma to know that their past experiences do not have to define the rest of their lives. Everyone has the power to control their fate and quality of life.

In many cases, counselors and therapists can serve as the greatest allies for adults who have undergone childhood trauma. This is largely because trained mental health professionals are equipped to help people work through and heal these difficult issues. However, even with professional help and guidance, you won't overcome childhood trauma overnight. It's going to take time, dedication, and commitment. Moreover, overcoming childhood trauma may require revisiting unpleasant memories. The road to recovery will vary depending on the person, and it can be hard, but it will ultimately be worth it.

Here at BetterHelp, our specialists understand that life presents unique challenges to everyone. No matter who you are or what you've been through, your past does not define you, nor does it have to determine the rest of your life. We can support you in moving past it. Only you can decide to seek professional help. BetterHelp is a convenient option for online therapy should you want support on your healing journey. Below are some counselor reviews, from people experiencing similar issues.

Your past does not necessarily dictate your future. As children, we're often restricted by the rules and limitations set by our parents and other authority figures. As an adult, you have the freedom to set your own path toward a future built by your own personal goals, morals, and ambition. Stay focused on what's ahead, as the past is and always will be a memory.

It's not uncommon to try and make sense of the trauma inflicted throughout your childhood. However, you shouldn't waste too much time or effort on this. There is absolutely nothing that can justify child abuse, so don't strain yourself trying to rationalize it. Instead, try and see it for what it is--a dark chapter in your life that is and was completely out of your control.

Now that you're an adult, you're capable of recognizing toxic and abusive behavior, so you can use your past as a learning experience; you know what not to do with your children. You don't have to follow in the footsteps of those who raised you, nor should you. As weird as it may sound, you can put your dark experience to good use by vowing never to inflict the trauma you endured on others.

Childhood trauma can negatively impact the rest of your life, but it doesn't have to be that way. You can heal. As an adult, you now hold the power to change your life. Take the first step.

References: Mason Komay and Avia James

A planner by nature, I anticipated my babies’ arrivals by reading all the books, making all the lists, doing all the research, and generally convincing myself I had made a terrible mistake. Thankfully, both of my children survived their earliest years without much trouble, and I relaxed a little. However, just when it seemed like we were finally figuring things out, they started school.

At first, the great challenges of school included trusting the classroom educators, acclimating to a different routine, and remembering where to find things such as the online school calendar. But as the kids moved from their rural Maine Montessori years (from ages 3 to 5) to the Chicago Public Schools, things changed.

A lot.

Of course, the kids met our new challenges with resilience and grace, quickly falling into a new normal. I, on the other hand, have had a bumpier go of things.

You see, as an introvert, the scariest part of parenthood for me is socializing with other parents. Little by little, I’m figuring out ways to manage my discomfort, but I’m discovering there’s no quick or fast solution. Here are some of the challenges I’ve faced as an introverted parent, and what I’ve learned.

I am the kind of introverted working mother who can fake social ease just enough to keep the red flags lowered — as long as the socializing comes in short bursts, in small, familiar groups (one-on-one is ideal), and it’s extra helpful if I have a defined purpose for being there (i.e., if it’s my job). Alternatively, opened-ended and undefined social situations are, for me, the equivalent of the boogie man.

My kids are now six and seven. They are sweet, social people who enjoy playdates and group activities. They long to be in the mix of their school and neighborhood communities — after-school events, potlucks, and street parties. So I say yes to some things, and we keep showing up. We show up, the kids find their people and take off with their little wolf packs. I linger at the edge of the activity, not totally unlike a lone sock hanging limply from a clothesline.

Recently in therapy, I described my social-anxiety-while-among-other-parents as a middle school regression. It’s especially prevalent with other mothers. If faced with a large group of mothers who are catching up with each other in chatty clusters of designer leggings, sporty vests, and baseball caps, I immediately feel like I am 12 years old, standing at the front of the middle school cafeteria, feeling very Asian (which I am), wearing the wrong clothes, and wondering where to sit. To be honest, I skipped lunch for most of the middle school and high school and instead read peacefully in the library.

But it’s no longer just about me.

Before I continue, I have a few disclaimers. I always have disclaimers.

• I’m sure the other mothers/parents are fine. My own social obstacles are not a judgement on them.
• I am not looking for sympathy. This is simply how I am, and devising strategies for navigating this is my own inside job.
• I could avoid these situations, but my own introverted personality shouldn’t prevent my kids from participating in their communities.
• It’s important for my kids to see me doing things that I find hard and uncomfortable.

When I spoke to my therapist about this particular issue, she reminded me that many people struggle to find their place among other parents. On one hand, this is a good reminder that we all have our challenges — introverted or not — but dealing with it sometimes calls for very different game plans depending on the individual.

The other day, I read this article in The New York Times called “Making Friends With Other Parents Is Like Dating.” While I found it interesting, the tips didn’t resonate as much as I had hoped because I’m not trying to find my next BFF. The article touches upon the awkwardness and uncertainty among peer parents, but it encourages friend-making. I do enjoy my friends and occasionally developing new friendships, but my main goal is to feel at peace when required to share space with other parents.

It’s not easy being an introverted parent, but learning to look at things a little differently has helped me when I’ve found myself volunteering in my kids’ classrooms, at a mother-son dance, or at a school potluck. If you’re an introverted parent, I hope these three things help you, too:

This is easier than it sounds because unfortunately, I do care what people think of me. I’m not sure why this is, but whatever the reason, the best way forward, as author Anne Lamott reminds us, is bird by bird. And as Glennon Doyle reminds us, we just have to do the next hard thing.

So if my strongest instinct is to bring a book and read quietly while the kids are playing, I should read my book. Yes, it makes me fairly unapproachable and perhaps, to some, a little rude. But if I’m not causing harm, if I’m keeping an eye on my kids, and I don’t feel like practicing the small talk, then really, I should be able to read my book.

I am the mom who prefers to be with the kids. The kid space feels down-to-earth, authentic, and comfortable. I find myself, at times, in the center of a kid circle. My kids will come to tell me something, their friends will follow, and the next thing I know, we are in a discussion about their game, their classroom, or a funny joke someone just learned. Perhaps I am not intimidated by elementary school kids because they are usually the only ones who are shorter than I am. But it’s probably because they are the most fun.

As introverts, our minds are always going, imagining what might be coming up next. So this point is possibly the hardest one for me. However, if I don’t have any expectations for whatever I’m doing, I can relax a little. This is more of an overall life strategy, but it can work well with other parents. If I do not expect anyone to interact with me in any specific way, if I don’t expect to feel like a weirdo while doing my own thing, if I don’t expect any event to be great or terrible, it’s easier to find moments where I can be present.

Recently, I was sitting on a bench, listening to a podcast, watching my son play at the park. Another mom came up and sat next to me, commenting that sitting quietly seemed like a good idea. So that’s what we did — we sat peacefully together, without awkwardness or expectation, simply watching our kids play. Sometimes it’s enough just to show up.

So I will. I will show up when it’s important for my kids, and I will continue to challenge myself to find my place among other parents. Sometimes it will be scary, but sometimes it might be pretty good. Most often, I imagine, it will fall somewhere in the middle. And that in itself is a valuable message for my kids: In our family, we try hard, we do things that scare us, and even when the results are average at best, we should still feel okay about it.

Reference: Sara Watkins from Introvertdear

Some time ago, a friend and I were having a discussion on Instagram about some of the terrible headlines in recent years. We were questioning how the world got to where we are today, and what we could do to raise kids who would grow up to make things better.

Our conclusion? We need to teach our children empathy.

In 2006, then-senator Barack Obama noted how addressing a national “empathy deficit“ could bring us closer together. He said:

“I think we should talk more about our empathy deficit – the ability to put ourselves in someone else’s shoes; to see the world through the eyes of those who are different from us – the child who’s hungry, the steelworker who’s been laid off, the family who lost the entire life they built together when the storm came to town. When you think like this, when you choose to broaden your ambit of concern and empathize with the plight of others, whether they are close friends or distant strangers; it becomes harder not to act; harder not to help.”

Put simply, empathy is recognizing and sharing in another person’s feelings. The key component of empathy is the experience of putting yourself in another person’s shoes—to be able to understand how they feel by imagining yourself in their place.

People often confuse empathy with sympathy and compassion, but there are subtle differences. Sympathy means recognizing someone’s emotions, but empathy takes it a step further—with empathy, you feel the same emotion as the other person because you can imagine yourself in their place. And compassion takes this further still—when you are compassionate, you feel the need to act on another’s emotions to help relieve their suffering.

The difference may seem small, but it’s not. In order to effect true change in the world, we need to first recognize the condition of others, fully understand the weight of a person’s situation—best done by imagining ourselves in the same scenario—and then feel compelled to act.

This isn’t just a wishy-washy, hippie-dippie, “heal the world” type of thing (although I don’t know about you, but that makes this conversation worthy enough to me). No, people who are skilled at feeling empathy and compassion are better leaders, better entrepreneurs, better parents, and better friends. A child who learns empathy and compassion grows into an adult with the kind of full, successful life every parent hopes their child will lead.

So how do we teach empathy and compassion to our kids?

Before you can learn to empathize with someone else, you first have to be able to label the emotions that you feel yourself. If you can’t identify your own feelings, empathizing with another’s is impossible.

When it comes to learning how to label emotions, we have to help young kids find the right words.

My favorite approach with young children is to give them the words without necessarily telling them what they feel. Rather than saying, “You’re feeling sad,” ask instead: “Are you feeling sad?” You’re still giving your child the words to help her define her feelings, but you’re not telling her what she feels—you’re not imposing your interpretation on your child. By giving your interpretation in the form of a question, you’re leaving open the possibility that you’ve misunderstood, which can certainly happen.

This approach works with other emotions, too: “Are you feeling angry right now?” “Are you feeling happy?”

Notice that I suggest saying “are you feeling ___” rather than “are you ___.” It’s a subtle difference, but inserting the word “feeling” implies that this is a temporary thing, it’s a momentary emotion. Rather than “I am sad,” or “I am a sad person,” it’s “I’m feeling sad right now.” There is always an opportunity for an emotion to change.

With older kids, you can use the same approach. You may also wish to give them a bit more space by phrasing it this way: “It looks to me like you’re feeling angry right now. Is that right?” And you can give even more room for your child or teen to label his own feelings by saying: “It seems to me that something’s up. What are you feeling?”

The follow-up to all of this, no matter how old your child is, can be: “Tell me why you’re feeling ___,” or “Show me why you’re feeling ___.” Not only does this help you learn more about your child, it teaches her about the cause and effect of emotions—that certain situations or events can stir up feelings inside her. This sets up the building blocks for later recognizing that the same cause and effect happens to other people.

Helping kids become more aware of their own feelings is the first step to developing empathy and compassion toward others.

Once your child can begin to label his own feelings, the next step is helping him recognize emotions in other people. This next step is teaching your child sympathy.

For the youngest of kids, everyday life is packed with big emotions, making common experiences the perfect teaching ground for learning sympathy. When your child’s playground pal falls down and cries, point that out. “It looks like Emmett is sad. Does he look sad to you?” As your child gets more adept at communicating emotions, you can ask her how she thinks events make others feel. “Emmett took the toy from Molly. How do you think Molly feels right now?”

But the absolute best tool for a child of any age to recognize others’ emotions is through stories and books.

Reading books with your kids is such a wonderful way to open up meaningful conversations with them, especially discussions about emotions and values. You can start off with emotions that would be easily guessed. For example, when you’re reading Harry Potter and the Sorceror's Stone, ask your child how she thinks Harry feels when he first catches the Snitch. Happy, excited, proud—all things you might easily recognize.

Then, as your child gets better at recognizing emotions in others, ask about situations that are a little less clear or that might give several different answers. Sticking with Sorceror’s Stone, ask your child what Neville might be feeling when Malfoy steals his Remembrall. Might he be sad? Angry? Embarrassed? All of these could easily fit the situation, yet all are very different emotions.

Once your child offers her thoughts on what a character is feeling, ask her why she thinks that way. Her answers will not only encourage her to think more deeply about her response, they’ll also give you insight into how your child thinks and interprets emotional situations.

Feeling what another person feels by imagining yourself in their position is the key component of empathy.

In a sense, empathy is the most straightforward of these skills to teach. Many parents even do it naturally. How many times have you chastised your child for doing something to someone else by saying, “How would you feel if [that other person] did that to you??”

Most of us heard something like this at least a few times in our youth (some of us more than a few times!). And yet, it’s clear that occasional lessons in empathy sandwiched in the midst of a scolding aren’t quite effective enough to make empathy a permanent, automatic skill in everyone—otherwise the world wouldn’t have the empathy deficit it has today.

That’s why it’s so important that, just like with teaching sympathy, we make it a consistent habit to use everyday occurrences and stories as opportunities to teach empathy.

When your child witnesses something happening to another child, ask her how she might feel if that had happened to her instead. “Emmett took Molly’s toy. If someone took your toy, how would you feel? I wonder if Molly feels that way right now.”

When reading a story, you can drive empathy home by asking your child if he’s ever experienced the same situation as a character in the book. “Hermione heard Ron say that ‘no one can stand her’ and that ‘she’s a nightmare.’ Was there ever a time when you heard someone say something mean about you? How did that make you feel? Can you imagine how Hermione must feel? I wonder if that’s why she is crying in the bathroom.”

There are endless opportunities in daily life and in books for you to encourage your kids to imagine themselves in someone else’s shoes—which means that your child can build her empathy muscles each and every day.

The final step in this process is to encourage your child to take his empathy and make a difference—to teach him compassion.

To feel compassion is to feel the need to help relieve another’s suffering or to help change their situation. Thus, to be compassionate is to be a problem-solver.

To help your child develop compassion, come back to those everyday situations and stories and ask your child what she could do to help. “Okay, so Molly is feeling sad. How could you help her feel better?”

The answer doesn’t have to be a grand gesture. Any response your child gives—“I could give her a hug,” “I could see if she wants to play with me”—is perfect, as long as the intent is to act on the sympathy and empathy to help that other person feel better.

You could take this compassion-building exercise a step further and inspire your child not just to be a problem-solver, but also problem-preventer.

“Hermione was sad because of what Ron said. How could things have been different so she didn’t have to feel sad in the first place?”—to which your child might respond: “Ron could have not said those mean things about her.”

Teaching your child to be both a problem-solver and a problem-preventer encourages her to build compassion. It shows her that actions can have consequences, that it’s important to address those consequences when other people are hurt, and it’s even better to keep possible consequences in mind and prevent them from the start.

We often, whether purposefully or not, keep our kids inside a bubble. We shield them from the news. We read them stories that we curate. We censor their music as long as we can.

And yet, there are some kids and adults who don’t get the opportunity to live inside this bubble. They’re living the news. They don’t get to hear the fairy tales. The lyrics are based on the neighborhoods where they’re growing up.

As your kids become ready or if discussions come up, talk to them about what’s going on in the world outside their door. Don’t necessarily censor a teen’s music—listen to it, point out the parts that don’t jive with your family’s values, and go through the steps above. Travel as much as you are able—whether it’s to another country or the town nextdoor—so that your children see that the world is full of points of view and experiences that are different from their own.

By exposing your children to the world in age-appropriate ways, you’re giving them the opportunity to take what you’ve practiced at home and apply it to the world around them.

And always:

Read, read, read; be observant so you can notice teaching moments as the arise; and spark conversation. By making life a constant dialogue with our kids, and by consistently reflecting on stories and experiences—real and imaginary—we can help our children develop the superpowers of empathy and compassion.

We can, with the right effort and love, raise a generation of kids who can change the world.

Reference: Dr. Steve Silvestro, MD